A maximum probability phylogenetic repair based on GBlock-edited amino acidic sequences regarding 13 protein-programming family genes to have 136 taxa (model: LG). The brand new phylogenetic position away from Relicanthus daphneae are expressed having a reddish arrow. Node support is founded on step 1,one hundred thousand bootstrap replicates (pick stuck legend to possess symbol need) therefore the tree is actually grounded into the Placozoa. To have understanding, very a lot of time twigs is shortened playing with hatch marks. Labels of taxa regarding the forest marked having asterisks was in fact upgraded considering Worms.
Bootstrap service to possess Relicanthus’ reputation on the PhyML forest is 64.seven, which had been less than a formerly built cutoff, set at 70, for a recognized clade thirty five . Because result of Rodriguez ainsi que al. 4 requisite placement of Relicanthus with its individual genus and you can family unit members broke up from other actiniarians and you can a synopsis reclassification of one’s order inside https://datingranking.net/colombiancupid-review/ one or two suborders, our very own research of one’s complete mitogenome regarding Relicanthus placed they sister towards actiniarians.
For the Anthozoa, i noticed that a few of the old-fashioned dating was fixed however, we together with recovered unforeseen matchmaking (Fig. 1): octocorals was in fact labeled aunt so you can medusozoans, and corallimorpharians was in fact grouped brother for the a lot of time/state-of-the-art scleractinians. However, both relationships were recovered within the previous degree 20,thirty-six . On top of that, Porifera is actually fixed from inside the Cnidaria, and you can cerianthids (depicted from the Ceriantheopsis americana) have been cousin on the Porifera + Hexacorallia.
The newest dating certainly one of sea anemones recovered inside our forest roughly corresponded to those recovered by the Rodriguez et al. 4 . We recovered monophyly of the two most recent actiniarian suborders (Anenthemonae and you may Enthemonae) and you will within this Enthemonae, members of the 3 latest superfamilies (Actinostoloidea, Actinioidea and you can Metridioidea) categorized along with her, with the exception of Halcampoides purpureus. One of the enthemonaean superfamilies, Actinioidea categorized as sis so you’re able to Actinostoloidea + Metridioidea, a romance also discovered because of the Rodriguez et al. cuatro , but only when evaluating mitochondrial genetics by yourself.
Our very own reevaluation of one’s cnidae away from Relicanthus is actually predicated on brand new terminology merging numerous classifications (come across Point and methods), hence specifically incorporated means to describe in detail the latest range of mastigophore nematocysts 37 . The new cnidae out of R. daphneae is described as the brand new longest spirocysts known inside hexacorals, basitrichs that have apical flaps, and you will mastigophore medicine equal to p-mastigophores A great, without spines throughout the distal tubule (Fig. dos, Rodriguez et al. cuatro ).
Undischarged nematocyst tablets out-of Relicanthus daphneae. (A) Basitrich; (B) p-mastigophore An excellent (about actinopharynx); (C), outline of your apex away from a beneficial basitrich exhibiting apical flaps (arrows). Size pubs: A good, B, C, fifteen micrometers.
According to research by the mixture of molecular and you will morphological guidance, we had been in a position to place the in past times incerti ordinis Relicanthidae and you can the solitary understood varieties, Relicanthus daphneae, into the acquisition Actiniaria. We made for they a unique suborder, Helenmonae.
Suborder Helenmonae Daly and you can Rodriguez
Prognosis. Actiniaria that have well-create pedal disk but as opposed to basilar body. No marginal sphincter muscle tissue. Longitudinal ectodermal body inside the line. Deciduous, firmly tapered tentacles, for each which have sphincter at ft. Twenty-five pairs out-of perfect mesenteries put up hexamerously. Looks off mesenteries weak. Cnidom: Gracile spirocysts, basitrichs (having apical flaps), and you may p-mastigophores A.
Etymology. Title is in award of one’s Helen Fellowship program from the the Western Art gallery away from Pure History, combining they to the Latin keyword getting anemone. The new Helen Fellowship, funded because of the Helen Gurley Brown Revocable Faith, prompts women to follow jobs for the computational science.
Responses. Regardless if molecular investigation do not strongly support the affiliation regarding the taxon inside the Actiniaria, the interior structure and you may ultrastructure of the nematocysts (basitrichs that have apical flaps and you can p-mastigophores A lacking spines about distal tubule) highly recommend which belongs from inside the Actiniaria.
Dialogue
Mitochondrial gene order has been shown to effectively supplement phylogenetic analyses in determining evolutionary relationships 27 . The gene order in Relicanthus is the common order for anemone mitogenomes (with one exception: Alicia sansibarensis; Foox et al. 25 ). Based on a maximum composite likelihood analysis (see Supplementary Table S4) of Relicanthus with other actiniarians and a one-way ANOVA test of two groups (i.e. genetic distances between Relicanthus and actiniarians versus those between actiniarians; see Materials and Methods), there is a statistically significant difference (F(1, 56) = 7, p < 0.05; see Supplementary Table S5) between Relicanthus and all other actiniarians in terms of the sequence within the mitogenome. Thus, we do not classify Relicanthus within either of the two existing actiniarian suborders, but instead establish a new suborder (Helenmonae) of actiniarians containing Relicanthus alone. More specifically, Relicanthus represents an early-diverging group of anemones without any currently known congenerics; this could explain its relatively slow rate of molecular evolution compared to other actiniarians.
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