cerana survival, populations in adjacent valleys are more likely to undergo genetic differentiation as a result of the blockage of gene flow. This study indeed showed genetic differentiation between A. cerana populations in different valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the conducted PCoA and DAPC, A. cerana in different valleys showed obvious differentiation. Furthermore, the FST of microsatellites and mitochondria ranged from 0.04–0.29 to 0.06–0.76, respectively. According to Wright (Wright, 1978) and compared to other A. cerana research (Xu et al., 2013a; Yin and Ji, 2013), these results indicate population genetic differentiation. The highest reported elevation for a A. cerana population in the literature is 3250 m (Hepburn et al., 2001; Yang, 2001; Radloff et al., 2005). The observations of A. cerana at 3,040 m reported here are consistent with previously reported observations (Zhu et al., 2017). Based on this information, it could be inferred that the upper limit of the hospitable zone for A. cerana does not exceed 3,500 m. The valleys that were chosen in this study are separated by mountains with elevations > 4,000 m, such as the Boshula and Taniantaweng Mountains (Liu et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2016). Two main environmental characteristics are specific for this area. The first is that the area lacks vegetation, and is mostly covered by bare rock. The second is the presence of plateau meadows. In the eastern valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the lack of tree holes for nesting prevents A. cerana survival, thus blocking gene flow throughout the valleys. The resulting genetic differentiation between valleys suggests that nesting conditions are important ecological factors for A. cerana. Between valleys, nectar and pollen plants suitable as food sources for A. cerana have been found, along with bumblebees nesting in the ground. However, the apparent lack of suitable nesting places, such as caves or holes in tall trees, prevents the survival of A. cerana populations in such environments.
Genetic Diversity and you can Capital Preservation
Comparison of A. cerana in this study with other A. cerana shows their genetic differentiation, which reflects the special genetic structure and potential as germplasm resource of A. cerana in the alpine valley. cerana from the Loess Plateau, the Qinling-Daba Mountains, and the Hainan Island as indicated by the FST value with an average is 0.14 in both utilized loci (Table S5) (Xu et al., 2013a,c; Guo et al., 2016). Similarly, the FST values between the samples of the current study and A. cerana from Changbai Mountains and Fujian Province ranged from 0.31 to 0.72 (with an average of 0.45) (Zhu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2013). Genetic differentiation between the investigated samples and A. cerana in Guizhou is corroborated by FST values (with an average of 0.08) (Yu et al., 2017). Moderate or strong genetic differentiation was found in loci Ap085, AP313, Ac-2, Ac-5, Ac-26, Ac-1, Ac-35, UN117, SV039, BI314, K0715, AP243, AP066, AC011, AP189, BI225, UN244T, and AT004, which indicates that the investigated sample has a distinct genetic structure in these loci. These analyses indicate the special genetic structure of honeybees in the alpine valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is a consequence of selection and genetic drift influenced by long-time isolation. Therefore, A. cerana in the valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a unique and precious genetic resource.
The gotten products reveal hereditary distinction with An effective
Throughout the valleys of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the fresh new gene move off An effective. cerana is very easily prohibited, leading to genetic divergence one of populations. Brand new variety ones communities is relatively large; yet not, this new hereditary divergence anywhere between populations is lowparison with the exact same A good. cerana research indicates which he selections of 0.2066 so you’re able to 0.8305 (Chen ainsi que al., 2011; Ji ainsi que al., 2011), Picture selections out-of 0.twenty eight so you can 0.81 (Cao et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2013a), Na range from one.81 so you’re able to (Ji et al., 2011; Xu ainsi que al., 2013c), Hd ranges away from 0.171 to help you 0.905 (Zhou ainsi que al., 2012; Ren mais aussi al., 2018), and you will ? range out of 0.00049 so you’re able to 0.03034 (Zhou mais aussi al., 2012; Li ainsi que al., 2018). The fresh hereditary range of every population checked-out inside research try apparently lower. This will be mostly due to the end result away from brief population designs (Xu mais aussi al., 2013b; Zhao et al., 2017). The environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau decides the fresh natural shipments from Good. cerana. Here, ecological products such elevation and you may nesting environment possess approached the fresh limitations from viability for this kinds. Significantly less than particular ecological restrictions, the new active society measurements of An excellent. cerana could be below five hundred colonies. Within certain mutation price, this causes lowest genetic range considering the quick amounts of men and women in virtually any offered people (Vrijenhoek, 1997; Amos and Harwood, 1998; Frankham mais aussi al., 2002; Ellis et al., 2006). The brand new ecological environments of your own valleys restriction the latest expansion out of quick An excellent. cerana populations on the larger populations, with causes reasonable genetic range.
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